# Correlation effects in the non-linear response

In this tutorial, we will show how to include correlation effects in the Second Harmonic Generation. We start from the tutorial on SHG in AlAs, using the same DFT inputs and parameters. Notice that the tutorials on TD-Hartree, TD-DFT, and TD-DPFT require more computational time, if calculations are too slow you can run in parallel or decrease the number of frequencies in your SHG.

## Background

In real-time simulations using TDSE, correlation effects are determined by the choice of the Hamiltonian $$H^{\text{sys}}_{\mathbf k}$$ that enters in the equations of motion(EOM).

Yambo can use different models for the system Hamiltonian:

• The independent-particle (IP) model,

$\displaystyle{ H^{\text{IP}}_{\mathbf k} \equiv H^{\text{KS}}_{\mathbf k} }$

where $\displaystyle{ H^{\text{KS}}_{\mathbf k} }$ is the unperturbed KS Hamiltonian and we consider the KS system as a system of independent particles.

• The QP model,

$\displaystyle{ H^{\text{QP}}_{\mathbf k} \equiv H^{\text{KS}}_{\mathbf k} + \Delta H_{\mathbf k}. }$

where $\displaystyle{ \Delta H_{\mathbf k} }$ is the GW correction or scissor operator, estimated from the Many-Body Perturbation Theory (Ref. [1]), and then applied to the KS eigenvalues.

• The RPA model (or Time-dependent Hartree),

$\displaystyle{ H^{\text{RPA}}_{\mathbf k} \equiv H^{\text{KS}}_{\mathbf k} + V_h(\mathbf r)[\Delta\rho], }$

The term $\displaystyle{ V_h(\mathbf r)[\Delta\rho] }$ is the time-dependent Hartree potential and is responsible for the local-field effects originating from system inhomogeneities, and $\displaystyle{ \Delta \rho \equiv \rho(\mathbf r;t)-\rho(\mathbf r;t=0) }$ is the variation of the electronic density.

• The Time Dependent-Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) model, at present only for LDA or GGA functionals:

$\displaystyle{ H^{\text{TDDFT}}_{\mathbf k} \equiv H^{\text{KS}}_{\mathbf k} + V_h(\mathbf r)[\Delta\rho] + V_{xc}(\mathbf r)[\Delta\rho] }$

The term $\displaystyle{ V_{xc}(\mathbf r)[\Delta\rho] }$ is the time-dependent exchange-correlation potential.

• The Time Dependent-Density Polarization Function Theory (TD-DPFT) model, at present different functionals are implemented in Yambo, for more details see Ref. [2]:

$\displaystyle{ H^{\text{TD-DFTP}}_{\mathbf k} \equiv H^{\text{KS}}_{\mathbf k} + V_h(\mathbf r)[\Delta\rho] + V_{xc}(\mathbf r)[\Delta\rho] -\Omega \mathcal{E}^s(t) \cdot \nabla_{\mathbf k} }$

where $\displaystyle{ \mathcal{E}^s(t) }$ is the Kohn-Sham macroscopic field (see Ref. [2], [3]).

## Prerequisites

You need yambo_nl and ypp_nl compiled in double precision for this tutorial. You must have completed the previous tutorial on the non-linear response to do this one.

## Quasi-particle corrections

Quasi-particle correction can be easily introduced in the real-time dynamics by means of a non-local operator that modifies the Kohn-Sham eigenvalues: $\displaystyle{ \Delta \hat H = \sum_{n,\bf k} \Delta_{n,\bf k} |v^0_{n,\bf k}\rangle\langle v^0_{n,\bf k}|. }$ The command to turn on quasi-particle corrections is: yambo_nl -u n -V qp :

nloptics                      # [R NL] Non-linear optics
% NLBands
3 |  6 |                   # [NL] Bands
%
NLintegrator="INVINT"       # [NL] Integrator ("EULEREXP/RK4/RK2EXP/HEUN/INVINT/CRANKNIC")
NLCorrelation= "IPA"         # [NL] Correlation ("IPA/HARTREE/TDDFT/LRC/JGM/SEX/HF")
NLLrcAlpha= 0.000000         # [NL] Long Range Correction
% NLEnRange
1.000000 | 5.000000 | eV    # [NL] Energy range
%
NLEnSteps= 5                # [NL] Energy steps
NLDamping= 0.150000    eV    # [NL] Damping
% Field1_Dir
1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.000000 |        # [RT Field1] Versor
%
Field1_kind= "SOFTSIN"         # [RT Field1] Kind(SIN|SOFTSIN|RES|ANTIRES|GAUSS|DELTA|QSSIN)
GfnQPdb= "none"              # [EXTQP G] Database
GfnQP_N= 1                   # [EXTQP G] Interpolation neighbours
% GfnQP_E
0.900000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 |        # [EXTQP G] E parameters  (c/v) eV|adim|adim
%
GfnQP_Z= ( 1.000000 , 0.000000 )       # [EXTQP G] Z factor  (c/v)
GfnQP_Wv_E= 0.000000   eV    # [EXTQP G] W Energy reference  (valence)
% GfnQP_Wv
0.00     | 0.00     | 0.00     |        # [EXTQP G] W parameters  (valence) eV| eV|eV^-1
%
GfnQP_Wc_E= 0.000000   eV    # [EXTQP G] W Energy reference  (conduction)
% GfnQP_Wc
0.00     | 0.00     | 0.00     |        # [EXTQP G] W parameters  (conduction) eV| eV|eV^-1
%

All the parameters of this input are the same of the previous tutorial with the only difference that we introduced a scissor operator of 0.9 eV. Notice that it is possible to import also the quasi-particle corrections calculated within the G0W0 approximation by using the flag GfnQPdb="E < SAVE/ndb.QP" (see Yambo tutorial on GW for more information). Now you can run Yambo and then analyze the results as explained in the previous tutorial. The effect of then scissor-operator is shown in the following figure:

The figure compares results with scissor operator "IPA + scissor" (red dots) with the one obtained in the previous tutorial "IPA". The full converged result is obtained with a 18x18x18 k-point grid and bands between 2 and 10 (violet dashed line). The script and the data to generate this plot can be downloaded here.

## Time-dependent Hartree (RPA with local field effects)

In order to include local field effects in the SHG, we use the Time-dependent Hartree approximation. The input is generated with the usual command where we turned on the Reciprocal Lattice vectors verbosity in order to specify the number of plane waves to use in the calculations. To run a TD-Hartree calculation you just specify NLCorrelation="HARTREE" and then we reduce the number of plane waves to 105, that is enough to have a converged result in this system.

nloptics                      # [R NL] Non-linear optics
% NLBands
3 |  6 |                   # [NL] Bands
%
NLintegrator="INVINT"       # [NL] Integrator ("EULEREXP/RK4/RK2EXP/HEUN/INVINT/CRANKNIC")
NLCorrelation= "HARTREE"         # [NL] Correlation ("IPA/HARTREE/TDDFT/LRC/JGM/SEX/HF")
NLLrcAlpha= 0.000000         # [NL] Long Range Correction
% NLEnRange
1.000000 | 5.000000 | eV    # [NL] Energy range
%
NLEnSteps= 10                # [NL] Energy steps
HARRLvcs=  105         RL      # [HA] Hartree     RL components
EXXRLvcs=  105         RL      # [XX] Exchange    RL components
NLDamping= 0.250000    eV    # [NL] Damping
% ExtF_Dir

1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.000000 | # [NL ExtF] Versor

%
ExtF_kind= "SOFTSIN"         # [NL ExtF] Kind(SIN|SOFTSIN|RES|ANTIRES|GAUSS|DELTA|QSSIN)

In this run we increase the damping to 0.25 eV in such a way to speed up calculations. The result of this calculation is shown in the figure below:

Plot data are available here.

## Time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT)

TD-DFT calculations are similar to the TD-Hartree ones. Just change NLCorrelation="TDDFT" and the exchange-correlation functional used in the ground state calculations will be included in the real-time dynamics. Notice that only LDA or GGA functionals are supported by Yambo/Lumen. These functionals usually provide insignificant improvement in respect to the TD-Hartree because they miss the long-range part that will be included in the next tutorial by means of TD-DPFT theory. You can perform TD-DFT calculations as exercise and compare them with the other approximations. The converged result on a 18x18x18 k-points grid is reported below:

Plot data are available here.

## Time-dependent Density-Polarization Functional Theory (TD-DPFT)

In this last tutorial on SHG we will include both quasi-particle effects by means of a scissor operator and long-range correction to the response function by means of Time-dependent Density-Polarization Functional Theory. The Lumen input can be generated as usual with the command yambo_nl -u n -V qp:

nloptics                      # [R NL] Non-linear optics
% NLBands
3 | 6 |                   # [NL] Bands
%
NLintegrator="INVINT"       # [NL] Integrator ("EULEREXP/RK4/RK2EXP/HEUN/INVINT/CRANKNIC")
NLCorrelation= "LRC"     # [NL] Correlation ("IPA/HARTREE/TDDFT/LRC/JGM")
NLLrcAlpha= 0.350000         # [NL] Long Range Correction
% NLEnRange
0.200000 | 8.000000 | eV    # [NL] Energy range
%
NLEnSteps= 10               # [NL] Energy steps
HARRLvcs=  105         RL      # [HA] Hartree     RL components
EXXRLvcs=  105         RL      # [XX] Exchange    RL components
NLDamping= 0.150000    eV    # [NL] Damping
% ExtF_Dir
1.000000 | 1.000000 | 0.000000 |        # [RT Field1] Versor
%
Field1_kind= "SOFTSIN"         # [RT Field1] Kind(SIN|SOFTSIN|RES|ANTIRES|GAUSS|DELTA|QSSIN)
GfnQPdb= "none"              # [EXTQP G] Database
GfnQP_N= 1                   # [EXTQP G] Interpolation neighbours
% GfnQP_E
0.900000 | 1.000000 | 1.000000 |        # [EXTQP G] E parameters  (c/v) eV|adim|adim
%

The $$\alpha$$ parameter for AlAs has been taken from Ref. [4]. The results is:

Plot data are available here. Notice that different models for the $$\alpha$$ parameter have been proposed in the literature, see Ref. [5] for a discussion. Finally, in Yambo we implemented also the Jelium-with gap model NLCorrelation="JGM" that provides an automatic estimation of the $$\alpha$$ parameters for each material, see Ref. [5] for a discussion on this approximation.

## SHG at the TD-BSE level

Second-harmonic generation can be calculated also the TD-BSE level, the procedure is the same of the linear response case: the first one has to calculate the collisions integrals (see appendix of Ref.[6] ) and then can run simulation for the non-linear response as it is shown in this tutorial.

If you arrived up here, you have the right to listen to the Yambo song.

## References

1. The GW method, F. Aryasetiawan, O. Gunnarsson, Rep. Prog. Phys. 61, 237 (1998)
2. Dielectrics in a time-dependent electric field: a real-time approach based on density-polarization functional theory, M. Grüning, D. Sangalli, C. Attaccalite, Phys. Rev. B 94, 035149 (2016)
3. Functional theory of extended Coulomb systems, R. M. Martin and G. Ortiz, Phys. Rev. B 56, 1124 (1997)
4. Botti et al. PRB 69, 155112
5. M. Grüning, D. Sangalli, C. Attaccalite PRB 94 035149 (2016)
6. C. Attaccalite, M. Grüning, and A. Marini PRB 84, 245110 (2011)